Internet Search Engines

The following general search engines were used to gather information on rutile.  The keywords used in these searches included Rutile, Titanium, Titanium Dioxide, Paint Pigment, Mineral, and Gemstones. 

    Google - http://www.google.com/

    Lycos – http://www.hotbot.com/

    Yahoo – http://www.yahoo.com/

The information gained from these searches was generally good, although useful data was sparsely scattered. It was often found that the most useful sources were not the websites found by the search engines, but instead references and links found within them.

Chemical Databases

Although for general information, the search engines stated above proved useful, it was necessary to use specific chemical searches to gain details on the structure and properties of rutile.  The chemical databases used for the project are listed below.

Chemfinder - http://www.chemfinder.com/   

Spectra Search - http://spectra.galactic.com/spconline/

Web of Science - http://wos.mimas.ac.uk/          

Dielectric Constant Guide - http://www.asiinstr.com/dc1.html

NIST Chemistry WebBook - http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.exe

Web Elements - http://www.webelements.com/

Some of these databases were more useful than others, the best being Chemfinder.  Other good sources of information included the Web of Science (WOS) and Beilstein (inorganic database), although the WOS was quite slow and thus painful to use.  A number of other chemistry searches were undertaken but with limited or no results.  One reason for this is that rutile itself has a defective crystal structure, being about 94 % n(TiO₂), and therefore little analytical work has been undertaken on it.  These sites did however contain physical and spectroscopic data for the molecule of titanium dioxide, TiO₂, which has been displayed in the project.  Once again keywords such as Rutile, Titanium Dioxide and Titanium were used in these searches.

Electronic References

Of the sources arrived at through one of the above searches, the following were found to be useful in the construction of the report. 

1. Education Factsheet - Rutile

2. History and Properties of Rutile

3. NIST Chemistry WebBook – Titanium dioxide data

4. Consolidated Rutile Limited

5. Mineralminers.com

6. Web Elements - Titanium        

7. Mineral Gallery - Rutile

8. Reade Advanced Materials – Rutile Powder

9. Science Museum Molecule 29 – Rutile Structure

10. Crystal Structure of Rutile

11. University of Colorado - Structure of Rutile

12. University of Wisconsin, Green Bay – Rutile Structure

13. Augustana College, SD – Rutile Crystal Structure

14. Web of Science - Multiple scattering from rutile TiO2 particles

15. Web of Science - Surface morphology of ion-beam-irradiated rutile single crystals

16. Chemlink Australia – Australian Production of Rutile

17. The Galleries - The Mineral Rutile

18. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online – Titanium Processing

19. Inox Korea – Titanium history and production

20. Titanium Industries – Titanium & Titanium Alloys

21. Oxford University – Rutilated Quartz

22. Africa Gems – Information on Catseyes

23. Sachtleben –Titanium dioxide

24. University of Colorado – TiO₂ Group

25. IFIC - Food Colour Facts

Literature References

Listed below are the literature sources found whilst researching into rutile which have been found to be useful in producing this project.

1. Rudolf Duda and Lubos Rejl, Minerals of the World, Arch Cape Press 1986.

2. Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951.

3. Balducci, G.; Gigli, G.; Guido, M., Identification and stability determinations for the gaseous titanium oxide molecules Ti₂O₃ and Ti₂O₄, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 1913.

4. Balducci, G.; Gigli, G.; Guido, M., Mass spectrometric study of the thermochemistry of gaseous EuTiO₃ and TiO₂, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 83, 1909.

5. Banon, S.; Chatillon, C.; Allibert, M., High temperature mass spectrometric study of ionization and fragmentation of TiO and TiO₂ gas under electron impact, High Temp. Sci., 1982, 15, 17.

6. Hildenbrand, D.L., Mass spectrometric studies of the thermochemistry of gaseous TiO and TiO₂, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1976, 44, 281.

7. Rauh, E.G.; Ackermann, R.J., First ionization potentials of some refractory oxide vapors, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 1396.

8. Wu, H.Y.; Wahlbeck, P.G., Vapor pressures of TiO(g) in equilibrium with Ti₂O₃(s) Ti₃O₅(s, β); dissociation energy of TiO(g), J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 4534.

9. Balducci, G.; De Maria, G.; Guido, M.; Piacente, V., Dissociation energy of TiO and TiO₂ gaseous molecules, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 56, 3422.

10. Mesnard, G.; Uzan, R.; Cabaud, B., Etude au spectrometre de masse des produits d'evaporation du bioxyde de titane et du titanate de baryum, Rev. Phys. Appl., 1966, 1, 123.

11. McIntyre, N.S.; Thompson, K.R.; Weltner, W., Jr., J. Phys. Chem., 1971, 75, 3243.

12. Wu, H.; Wang, L.-S., J. Chem. Phys., 1997, 107, 8221.

13. DeVore, T.C.; Gallaher, T.N., High Temp. Sci., 1983, 16, 269.

14. Chertihin, G.V.; Andrews, L., J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 6356.

Copyright © 2001 Andrew P.L. Robinson