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11. References modified 26/4/00

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Cameron E Pauling L (1979) Linus Pauling Inst Sci Med Menlo Park Calif (CHECK) cf p23 The age-standardized mortality from stomach cancer in the US has decreased by 75% since 1930..(due to) increased use of domestic refrigerators and decreased reliance on nitrates to preseve bacon and other meat foods. Vitamin C prevents nitrosoamine formation and it is reasonable to assume that the trend towards an increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C is also responsible for the downturn in the incidence of stomach cancer. The mortality from stomach cancer in Japan is the highest in the world being eight times that in the US (partly related to nitrite effect?) cf also Anon Chem in Brit 1987 (Dec) 1158 Microwaved bacon has less nitrosamines than fried bacon since the nitrite formation of nitrosoamines is optimum at 185C)

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Fransson L-A Carlstedt I Coster L Malmstrom A (1984) Binding of transferrin to the core protein of fibroblast protoheparan sulfate Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81 5657-5661 Findings suggest that the core polypeptides of protoheparan sulfate from human skin fibroblasts and the transferrin receptor may be identical or closely similar

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Fransson LA (1989) (Heparin/heparan sulphate may act as biological cation 'conveyor belt') personal communication

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Frege J et al (1990) (cf Susheela HK et al refs) Effect of fluoride on bone GAG

Frenette GP Ruddon RW Krzesicki RF Naser JA Peters BP (1989) J Biol Chem 264 3078-3088 (Role of ascorbate in hydroxylation of proline residues and in secretion of type IV collagen)

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Fukushi Ki Hart M Li L (1998) Alzheimers disease and heparan sulfate proteoglycan Frontiers in Bioscience (on line computer file) 3 d327-337 CA 129 3327e Available URL:http://www.bioscience.org/1998/v3/d/fuchuchi/d327-337.htm

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Fukushima S Shibata M-A Shirai T Kurata Y Tamano S Imaida K (1987) ibid 47 4821-24 CHECK Ascorbic acid + K carbonate promotes cancer;

Fukushima S Ogiso T Kurata Y Shibata M-A Kakizoe T (1987) Cancer Lett 35 17-25 CHECK Calcium ascorbate or fatty acid ascorbate esters do not promote cancer from Hayatsu H et al (1988) Mutation Res 202 429

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Gitay-Goren H Soker S Vlodavski J Neufeld G (1992) CHECK Vascular EGF - heparin interaction local pH dependent (cf also effect of Ni(II) in EGF effect in malignant transformation (Molerup et al 1996) perhaps GAG-related?)

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Grant D Long WF Williamson FB (1985) Role of GAGs in cellular adhesion of relevance to the cancer state Biochem Soc Trans 13 cf also ibid 16 1029

Grant D Long WF Williamson FB (1987a) Infrared spectroscopy of heparin-cation complexes Biochem J 244 143-149

Grant D Long WF Williamson FB (1987b) Pericellular heparans may contribute to the protection of cells from free radicals Med Hypotheses 23(1) 67-71

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Grant D Long WF Williamson FB (unpublished) Relative pH decrease; heparin + cation: Mg2+ 1, Mn2+ 1.14, Fe2+1.34, Ca2+ 1.75, Cu2+ 3.0, Fe3+ 3.24, Al3+ 4.54

Grant D Long WF Moffat CF Williamson FB (unpublished) Anion content of heparin (Glaxo 008) from spark source mass spectrometry (with thanks to J Bacon, Macaulay Inst) results ppm, (and after pasage through cation exhange resin column in parenthesis) Silicate etc as Si 5900(100), Cl 5600(1000), F 890(4), phosphate etc as P 440(30) Br 130(0.7), arsenate etc as As 15(1), I 10(0) cf Grant D (2000) Chemweb preprint server biochemistry paper submitted (Multi-ion content of heparin SUMMARY Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) of a (sodium) heparin reveals the presence of 38 additional counterions; comparison of their amounts before and after cation exchange treatment allows residual binding strengths to be clasified as: small amounts of relatively strongly held K, phosphorus (likely as phosphate), Ni, Co, Zn, Cr, and Ag as well as Pb and Sn; somewhat less strongly held were more abundant Mg, Fe and Cu. Non-physiological elements included difficult-to-remove Sr, La and Ce. Such sequestration of small amounts of large numbers of ions to heparin/heparan sulphate suggests possible physiological and patholological significance for cellular nutrition, ionic transport and detoxification).

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