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Architecture
The historical sites for archaeology of extraordinary quality include
those at Stobi in Gradsko, Heraklea Lyncestis in Bitola, Lychnidos, the
Church of St. Sophia in Ohrid, and Scupi in Skopje. Historians and
archaeologists became greatly interested in Macedonian architecture when
terracotta icons were discovered at Viničko Kale (near Vinica). The
Basilica Mosaic in Heraklea Lynkestis is an ancient mosaic. There are many
remains from Roman times and the early Christian period in Vardar
Macedonia, which was at the time part of the Bulgarian Empire.
Famous architects and fresco-painters worked on numerous churches in the
Republic of Macedonia, and in Ohrid alone there are over thirty churches.
UNESCO has declared that the city of Ohrid and its lake must be protected,
as they are important to the history of the world. Several churches, the
most renowned among which is St. Pantelejmon, bear witness to the times of
the educator St. Clement and in 1990 work on the Cathedral of St. Clement
of Ohrid in Skopje was completed. Along with other cultural monuments the
11th and 12th century churches of Eastern medieval Bulgaria (known today
as the Republic of Macedonia) are famous throughout the world,
characterized by unique architecture and priceless frescoes and icons.
Monuments of Islamic culture such as mosques, bazaars and baths from the
Ottoman Age have been discovered. In the 14th century, Skopje was
described as being an important trading center with its Old Bazaar,
Covered Marketplace (Bezisten), the Kursumli An Caravanserai, Daut Pasha
Baths and the Mustapha Pasha Mosque. Another important monument of Islamic
culture in Vardar Macedonia is the Painted Mosque in Tetovo. A large
number of monuments were erected after the liberation of the city. One of
the most interesting monuments erected following the region's liberation
is the memorial devoted to the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising in Kruševo.
Other memorials renowned for their beauty and expressiveness can be found
in Prilep, Kumanovo, Veles and Štip.
ART The founders of modern Macedonian painting included Lazar Licenovski,
Nikola Martinoski, Dimitar Pandilov, and Vangel Kodzoman. They were
succeeded by an exceptionally talented and fruitful generation, consisting
of Borka Lazeski, Dimitar Kondovski, Petar Mazev who are now dead, and
Rodoljub Anastasov and many others who are still active. Vasko Taskovski's
work was presented to the Paris public in 1992 with an imposing exhibition
and auction of about 100 works. Vangel Naumovski, who was long classified
by art historians as a Naive artist, is well known for his Ohridska Porta
Gallery, as well as for the original world of his paintings.
Contemporary Macedonian artists include Aleksandar Stankovski, Zhaneta
Vangeli, Maja Dzhartovska, and Gordana Apostolovska who all use various
styles.
In addition to Dimo Todorovski, who is considered to be the founder of
modern Macedonian sculpture, the works of Petar Hadzi Boskov, Boro
Mitrikeski and Tome Serafimovski are also outstanding. The Museum of
Contemporary Art and the Art Gallery in the Daut Pasha Baths are
considered the best galleries. In 1993 there were 413 exhibitions visited
by over 240,000 people, 12 artists' colonies with 120 participants, of
whom 40 were foreign painters and sculptors.
Music
Main article: Music of the Republic of Macedonia
The Republic of Macedonia has an exceptionally rich musical heritage. The
studies of Sotir Golabovski and Octoechos concerning the tradition of
Slavic Macedonian spiritual and church choir hymns are a significant
contribution to Macedonian and Balkan cultural history. The Composer's
Association of Macedonia currently has 60 members. After the 1st
generation of modern Macedonian classical music, consisting of Trajko
Prokopiev, Todor Skalovski, Stefan Gajdov and Zivko Firfov, came the work
of second generation composers like Kiril Makedonski, Gligor Smokvarski,
Vlastimir Nikolovski, Toma Prosev, Tomislav Zografski, Mihailo Nikolovski,
Ljubomir Brangolica and Risto Avramovski.
The Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra, established in 1944 in the People's
Republic of Macedonia within Yugoslavia, is the oldest cultural
institution in the field of music. There are six chamber ensembles, such
as ‘Tanec’, that represent the richness of Macedonian folklore and songs,
and there are ten other folklore ensembles that are active. There are
three professional and twenty amateur choirs. Each year about 50,000
people attend concerts of the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra and the
various folk dance ensembles and other cultural and artistic associations.
In addition to the concerts held as part of the Ohrid Summer Festival, an
annual festival of classical music named Interfest was established in
Bitola a few years ago. The Skopje International Jazz Festival has become
a highly prestigious music event. Many of the most renowned jazz groups
and names in the world of jazz have taken part in the festival, and in
concept and atmosphere, participants and critics consider it one of the
most successful jazz festivals around the world.
Folk music is one of the most cherished areas of Macedonian culture, and
several folk festivals take place each year. The oldest is Folkfest, held
in Valandovo, and most festivals have greater turnouts among Macedonian
expatriates in Australia and Canada. The Festival of Old Town Songs in
Ohrid and the Ilinden Days of Folk Song in Bitola are events that
celebrate traditional Macedonian songs. Mak-Fest in Stip and the Skopje
Festival are the two best-known festivals of popular music in the Republic
of Macedonia.
The pop group Leb i Sol, with its original music infusing traditional folk
themes and rhythms with modern influence, has been active for over twenty
years and has become widely known both inside and outside Macedonia.
Theater
There are 13 professional theaters in the Republic of Macedonia. From
1993-1994 1,596 performances were held in the newly formed republic, and
more than 330,000 people attended. The Macedonian National Theatre (Drama,
Opera and Ballet companies), the Drama Theatre, the Theatre of the
Nationalities (Albanian and Turkish Drama companies) and the other theatre
companies comprise about 870 professional actors, singers, ballet dancers,
directors, playwrights, set and costume designers, etc. There is also a
professional theatre for children and three amateur theatres. For the last
thirty years a traditional festival of Macedonian Slav professional
theatres has been taking place in Prilep in honor of Vojdan Cernodrinski,
the founder of the modern Macedonian theatre. Each year a festival of
amateur and experimental Macedonian theatre companies is held in Kocani.
The word Karagöz is a Turkish word literally meaning a black eye, but it
is a specific type of theatre in the Republic of Macedonia as in many
other Balkan countries. This picturesque, original and exceptionally
popular theatre reached the Balkans from the Far East. Shifting slowly but
surely from the Far East towards the Middle East, this type of theater
went through a transformation as it was passed along from person to person
through many cultures. The Karagoz Theater came to the Balkans together
with the Ottoman Empire. In the history of the Macedonian culture the name
of this theater was mentioned starting from the 11th, or at least the 14th
century. A Turkish legend speaks about the origin of the construction of a
large mosque in Bursa and its constructors among whom were two friends and
storytellers known as Karagöz and Hadzivat. Instead of working, they sat
and told comical stories to the workers. Their performances were so
attractive to their audience that the construction of the mosque
completely stopped - the construction site instead became a theater. When
the Sultan heard what had happened he became furious and ordered the
execution of the two friends. Karagoz and Hadzivat were unable to escape
their fate but the citizens of Bursa were overcome by grief at the loss of
the two heroes. The Sultan realized his folly and tried to correct it by
ordering the revival of the two men. Unable to actually give them life,
the sultan kept them alive in the form of small, transparent puppets made
of thin and colored skin. If they were to be placed in front of a white
curtain with a burning candle behind it, they would dance as if they were
alive and the sultan had redeemed himself.
Although this theatre includes a number of characters-puppets, its eminent
theatricality emerges from the complex relation between its central masks
of Karagoz and Hadzivat. Karagoz personifies an ordinary Greek in the
Ottoman Empire. He is dressed simply as any other passers-by on the
streets of Constantinople. He speaks plainly and in a language common to
the people. He is clever and stupid at the same time, naive and witty.
Although he is as poor as a dog, he desires only to eat his bread in
without distraction or interference. Equally important is his teasing his
constantly angry enemy, whose name is Hadzivat and who is a little bit
slow, but not necessarily stupid. Hadzivat speaks conceitedly using
archaic words, pretending to be wise and in actuality being a boringly
pedant, rigid, corruptible, opportunist who constantly emphasizes his
aristocratic origin. Karagoz Theater is Turkish folk humor at its best.
The famous Turkish traveler and diplomat, Evlija Celebija, traveled in the
Balkans in the first half of the 17th century and wrote about his travels
in ten books in which he discusses performances of Karagoz in Bosnia,
Serbia, and in the republic's capital Skopje. Karagoz Theater was brought
to the region by the Ottoman Turks and easily adapted to the new
environment, existing for centuries up to the 1950s. |
